É estranho o facto de os governantes dos países mais desenvolvidos estarem a dar muito pouca importância às consequências do fenómeno do “peak oil” (pico de produção do petróleo). A generalidade destes países continua a desenvolver grandes projectos que envolvem o consumo de elevadas quantidades de hidrocarbonetos. Diria mesmo que as grandes linhas de desenvolvimento das sociedades assentam na exploração em massa de enormes quantidades de petróleo, tal como se tratasse de um recurso renovável e sempre muito abundante. O caso da China é o expoente máximo, com o exemplo da construção de novos aeroportos a um ritmo alucinante.
Descobri na internet uma tese de doutoramento da Universidade de Uppsala com o título: "Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production" da autoria de Fredrik Robelius.
O tema da tese é muito esclarecedor acerca do importante papel dos grandes campos petrolíferos na satisfação das nossas necessidades energéticas. Os cerca de 500 campos petrolíferos classificados como gigantes (de um total de quase de 50 000 campos) são responsáveis pela produção de cerca de 65 % do petróleo mundial! Ora, dado que a grande maioria destes campos tem mais de 50 anos de actividade produtiva, é natural que o seu previsível declínio venha afectar o volume de petróleo extraído à escala mundial. É bem provável que a evolução da “saúde” destes campos seja determinante na chegada do “peak oil”. Este estudo salienta que o “peak oil” poderá ocorrer entre 2008 e 2018.
Este fenómeno irá decerto afectar em breve a nossa vida quotidiana. Estará a sociedade actual preparada para enfrentar este problema? Será isto o prenúncio do regresso a uma economia mais local, motivada pela subida dos custos da energia? Nascerão novas comunidades de cariz mais rural (mais auto-suficientes), em detrimento das grandes metrópoles desperdiçadoras de recursos? Quais as consequências sociais, políticas e económicas da escassez de recursos fundamentais ao funcionamento da nossa sociedade?
Deixo aqui o resumo da tese "Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production" da autoria de Fredrik Robelius”. É um resumo conciso e bem escrito e que toca no essencial da discussão acerca do “peak oil”:
“Since the 1950s, oil has been the dominant source of energy in the world. The cheap supply of oil has been the engine for economic growth in the western world. Since future oil demand is expected to increase, the question to what extent future production will be available is important.
The belief in a soon peak production of oil is fueled by increasing oil prices. However, the reliability of the oil price as a single parameter can be questioned, as earlier times of high prices have occurred without having anything to do with a lack of oil. Instead, giant oil fields, the largest oil fields in the world, can be used as a parameter.
A giant oil field contains at least 500 million barrels of recoverable oil. Only 507, or 1 % of the total number of fields, are giants. Their contribution is striking: over 60 % of the 2005 production and about 65 % of the global ultimate recoverable reserve (URR).
However, giant fields are something of the past since a majority of the largest giant fields are over 50 years old and the discovery trend of less giant fields with smaller volumes is clear. A large number of the largest giant fields are found in the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf.
The domination of giant fields in global oil production confirms a concept where they govern future production. A model, based on past annual production and URR, has been developed to forecast future production from giant fields. The results, in combination with forecasts on new field developments, heavy oil and oil sand, are used to predict future oil production.
In all scenarios, peak oil occurs at about the same time as the giant fields peak. The worst-case scenario sees a peak in 2008 and the best-case scenario, following a 1.4 % demand growth, peaks in 2018.”
Descobri na internet uma tese de doutoramento da Universidade de Uppsala com o título: "Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production" da autoria de Fredrik Robelius.
O tema da tese é muito esclarecedor acerca do importante papel dos grandes campos petrolíferos na satisfação das nossas necessidades energéticas. Os cerca de 500 campos petrolíferos classificados como gigantes (de um total de quase de 50 000 campos) são responsáveis pela produção de cerca de 65 % do petróleo mundial! Ora, dado que a grande maioria destes campos tem mais de 50 anos de actividade produtiva, é natural que o seu previsível declínio venha afectar o volume de petróleo extraído à escala mundial. É bem provável que a evolução da “saúde” destes campos seja determinante na chegada do “peak oil”. Este estudo salienta que o “peak oil” poderá ocorrer entre 2008 e 2018.
Este fenómeno irá decerto afectar em breve a nossa vida quotidiana. Estará a sociedade actual preparada para enfrentar este problema? Será isto o prenúncio do regresso a uma economia mais local, motivada pela subida dos custos da energia? Nascerão novas comunidades de cariz mais rural (mais auto-suficientes), em detrimento das grandes metrópoles desperdiçadoras de recursos? Quais as consequências sociais, políticas e económicas da escassez de recursos fundamentais ao funcionamento da nossa sociedade?
Deixo aqui o resumo da tese "Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production" da autoria de Fredrik Robelius”. É um resumo conciso e bem escrito e que toca no essencial da discussão acerca do “peak oil”:
“Since the 1950s, oil has been the dominant source of energy in the world. The cheap supply of oil has been the engine for economic growth in the western world. Since future oil demand is expected to increase, the question to what extent future production will be available is important.
The belief in a soon peak production of oil is fueled by increasing oil prices. However, the reliability of the oil price as a single parameter can be questioned, as earlier times of high prices have occurred without having anything to do with a lack of oil. Instead, giant oil fields, the largest oil fields in the world, can be used as a parameter.
A giant oil field contains at least 500 million barrels of recoverable oil. Only 507, or 1 % of the total number of fields, are giants. Their contribution is striking: over 60 % of the 2005 production and about 65 % of the global ultimate recoverable reserve (URR).
However, giant fields are something of the past since a majority of the largest giant fields are over 50 years old and the discovery trend of less giant fields with smaller volumes is clear. A large number of the largest giant fields are found in the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf.
The domination of giant fields in global oil production confirms a concept where they govern future production. A model, based on past annual production and URR, has been developed to forecast future production from giant fields. The results, in combination with forecasts on new field developments, heavy oil and oil sand, are used to predict future oil production.
In all scenarios, peak oil occurs at about the same time as the giant fields peak. The worst-case scenario sees a peak in 2008 and the best-case scenario, following a 1.4 % demand growth, peaks in 2018.”
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do Wall Street Journal
Americans Start to Curb
Their Thirst for Gasoline
By ANA CAMPOY
March 3, 2008; Page A1
As crude-oil prices climb to historic highs, steep gasoline prices and the weak economy are beginning to curb Americans' gas-guzzling ways.
In the past six weeks, the nation's gasoline consumption has fallen by an average 1.1% from year-earlier levels, according to weekly government data.
That's the most sustained drop in demand in at least 16 years, except for the declines that followed Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which temporarily knocked out a big chunk of the U.S. gasoline supply system.
This time, however, there is evidence that Americans are changing their driving habits and lifestyles in ways that could lead to a long-term slowdown in their gasoline consumption.
As supplies have outstripped demand, gasoline inventories have been on the rise for the past four months, reaching their highest levels since February 1994. Yet, in a sign of the growing disconnect between demand and the market, prices at the pump are being driven higher by a powerful rally in crude oil.
Investors piling money into commodities as a refuge from inflation have helped push oil prices close to their inflation-adjusted record of $103.76 a barrel, set in 1980. On Thursday, oil closed at $102.59 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, a new high in nominal terms, but slipped back 75 cents on Friday to settle at $101.84 a barrel.
As refiners pay more for the oil they use, gasoline prices have gained sharply in recent weeks to an average of $3.13 a gallon in the week ended Feb. 25, up 40% from $2.24 a gallon in January 2007. That's stoking worries that prices will rise even more sharply as demand gets a boost from the approaching vacation season, when more Americans take to the road. Some experts predict gasoline could cost as much as $4 a gallon this summer.
If oil prices pull gasoline higher in the current economic climate, Americans are likely to pare back consumption even more, which should help at least damp the rise in prices as refiners build up a safety margin against fears of supply disruptions, experts say.
Of course, if the economy perks up, gasoline consumption could rise again. After softening between 1989 and 1991 as U.S. economic growth slowed, gasoline demand started to recover in 1992 and continued to expand until 2007, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. However, economists and industry executives say demand would be likely to grow at a slower pace than in the past as Americans gradually become more fuel-efficient.
Economists and policy makers have puzzled for years over what it would take to curb Americans' ravenous appetite for fossil fuels. Now they appear to be getting an answer: sustained pain.
Over the past five years, the climb in gasoline prices, driven largely by the run-up in crude oil, hardly seemed to dent the nation's growing thirst for the fuel. Conventional thinking held that consumption would begin to taper off when gasoline hit $3 a gallon.
But $3 came and went in September 2005, and gasoline demand didn't flinch. Consumers complained about the cost of filling their tanks, pinched pennies by shopping at Wal-Mart, and kept driving.
Economists who study the effects of gasoline prices on demand say consumers tend to look at short-term price spikes as an anomaly, and don't do much to change their habits. They might spend less elsewhere to compensate, or take short-term conservation measures they can easily reverse, such as driving slower or taking public transportation, but the impact is minimal.
Regular gasoline prices jumped to $2.34 a gallon at the end of 2006, up 62% from 2003, according to the EIA. Yet demand continued to grow at an average 1.1% a year. Consumers were better able to absorb the increase because it was spread over four years, and the economy was doing fairly well.
Today, a weakening economy is intensifying the effects of high gasoline prices, at the same time Americans are being pinched by broader inflation. In January, consumer prices were up 4.3% from a year earlier, a 16-year high, led by sharply rising food and energy costs. Even stripping out food and energy, the so-called core inflation rate was up 2.5% from the previous year, reflecting higher costs for purchases such as education and medical care.
The combination of forces is prompting Americans to cut back on driving, sometimes taking public transportation instead. It's also setting the stage for what may be a long-term slowdown in gasoline demand by forcing Americans to become more fuel-efficient faster.
"If you think about the fact that U.S. motorists are responsible for one out of nine barrels of oil consumed in the world...and that consumption is no longer growing the way it used to, that's a major structural change in the market," says Adam Robinson, analyst with Lehman Brothers.
The longer gasoline prices remain high, the greater the potential consumer response. A 10% rise in gasoline prices reduces consumption by just 0.6% in the short term, but it can cut demand by about 4% if sustained over 15 or so years, according to studies compiled by the Congressional Budget Office.
As consumers make major spending decisions, such as where to live and what kind of vehicle to drive, they are beginning to factor in the cost of fuel. Some are choosing smaller cars or hybrids, or are moving closer to their jobs to cut down on driving. Those changes effectively lock in lower gasoline consumption rates for the future, regardless of the state of the economy or the level of gasoline prices.
Anne Heedt, of Clovis, Calif., has been moving toward a more fuel-efficient lifestyle for the past few years. She owns a Toyota Prius hybrid but takes her bike on errands when weather permits.
"We're not always going to have the same accessibility to gasoline that we've had in past decades, so we do have to start thinking about what we're going to do over the next 50 years," said the 31-year-old Ms. Heedt, who used to work at a medical office but is between jobs.
A weaker economy gets some of the credit for lessening demand. The EIA estimates that a 1% reduction in personal income cuts gasoline demand by 0.5% as consumers, along with truckers who deliver goods, cut back on driving, says Laurie Falter, an oil-industry economist at the agency.
The nation's slumping housing market has magnified that effect. In past years, when the housing market was booming, consumers used home equity to finance spending, including the cost of filling their gas tanks, says Antoine Halff, an analyst with Newedge, the jointly owned brokerage arm of Société Générale and Crédit Agricole's Calyon unit.
The housing boom encouraged the development of far-flung suburbs, contributing to longer commutes. Now developers are building more walkable neighborhoods close to city centers and public transit, and Americans are beginning to migrate back toward their workplaces, city planners and other experts say.
David Hopper, who lives in the rural community of Markleville, Ind., is preparing to move to a new house in Plainfield, cutting his commute to Indianapolis to 15 miles from 47 miles. Mr. Hopper decided to move closer to the city last summer, when gas prices hit $3.40 a gallon in his area.
"I'm expecting to save quite a bit," said the 52-year-old engineer. Not only will his new home be closer to his job, but to shopping and schools, which he calculates will save him 90 to 100 gallons of gasoline a month.
Pinched consumers also are speeding up their shift to more fuel-efficient cars. Sales of large cars dropped by 2.6% in 2006 and by 10.5% in 2007. In January, they plummeted 26.5% from a year earlier, according to Autodata Corp.
Car dealers are selling fewer minivans and large sport-utility vehicles. In fact, only small cars and smaller, more fuel-efficient SUVs, are showing a rise in sales. Small-car sales in January were up 6.5% from a year earlier, while sales of crossover vehicle grew 15.1%, Autodata Corp. says.
Write to Ana Campoy at ana.campoy@dowjones.com
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